11 Famous Americans Alma Maters

For July 4th, we wanted to celebrate some of the household names that have shaped American culture. Where did these forward-thinking politicians, athletes, writers, and entertainers attend college? You may share (or soon share) an alma mater with one of these 11 famous changemakersBill Gates: Harvard UniversityEveryone know Bill Gates story. He went to Harvard the fall of 1973 and dropped out 2 years later to start a company that is now known to the world as Microsoft. As a student at Harvard, he didnt have a clear direction of what he wanted to study, but did spend majority of his time with computers.John Steinbeck: Stanford University, English LiteratureThough he did not graduate with a degree, Steinbeck did study English Literature at Stanford. He first worked as a tour guide and caretake at Lake Tahoe when he failed to publish any of his works. He is the writer of many well-known novels, such as Of Mice and Men and East of Eden, which are both now popular high school reading mate rial. Jackie Robinson: UCLAJackie Robinson broke many records and made history by being the first black athlete to play in Major League Baseball in the 20th century. Before he broke down the color barrer of the MLB, he was also the first athlete to represent UCLA in four different varsity sports: baseball, track, football and basketball.Barack Obama: Columbia University, Political Science 83President Barack Obama started his undergraduate education at Occidental College in LA, where he gave his first public speech calling for his college to particpate in the disinventment from South Africa in response to the nations policy on the apartheid. After his sophomore, he transferred to Columbia University to pursue a bachelors degree in political science, with a concentration in international relations. He also got a JD from Harvard Law School in 1991.Thomas Edison: Self-Educated but schooled at the Cooper UnionThomas Edison is one of the greatest inventors of all time. He brought us the l uxury of light, by developing a little device called the light bulb. His achievements did not come from higher education. He was homeschooled by his mother, and apparently, learned most of what he knew by reading R.G. Parkers School of Natural Philosophy.Martin Luther King, Jr.: Morehouse College, Sociology 48Martin Luther King Jr. helped lead the African-American Civil Rights Movement in 1955. He helped organize the March on Washington in 1963, where he delivered his famous I Have A Dream speech. He gained his B.A. at Morehouse College, and furthered his education by gaining a Ph.D. degree at Boston University in systematic theology.Ryan Lochte: University of Florida, Sports Management 07Ryan Lochte is an 11-time Olympic medalist with 5 gold, 3 silver, and 3 bronze under his belt. He has competed in the last two Olympics in Beijing and London. He will also be competing in the upcoming 2016 Olympics in Rio later this summer. He has spent his tame training with the swimming team at U niversity of Florida and also graduated with a degree in sports management.Margaret Mead: Barnard College, Psychology 23Margaret Mead didnt start off studying Anthropology, but she was always interested in the human mind. Her education at Barnard eventually helped pave the way to further education at Columbia, where she also got her Masters, before setting out to Samoa. She not only made Anthropology relevant, but also controversial.Michael Jordan: UNC - Chapel Hill, Geography 86Michael Jordan is one of the best basketball players in the world. He was recruited by many college basketball programs during his last year of high school, and accepted the basketball scholarship the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill offered him. He helped UNC win the 1982 NCAA Championship against Georgetown, and was drafted to play for the Chicago Bulls after his junior year. He returned in 1986 to finish his degree in Geography.Neil Armstrong: Purdue University, Aeronautical Engineering 55 Neil Armstrong was the first man to ever walk on the moon. Prior to that, he studied aeronautical engineering at Purdue, where he was also a baritone player for the Purdue All American Marching Band. He also furthered his education and completed his Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering at USC in 1970.Bill Clinton: Georgetown University, International Affairs 68Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He had an early start to his political career. He studied in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where he ran for class president and won in 1964 and 1965.

Michael Faraday, Inventor of the Electric Motor

Michael Faraday, Inventor of the Electric Motor Michael Faraday (born Sept. 22, 1791) was a British physicist and chemist who is best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws of electrolysis. His biggest breakthrough in electricity was his invention of the electric motor. Early Life Born in 1791 to a poor family in the Newington, Surrey village of South  London, Faraday had a difficult childhood riddled with poverty. Faradays mother stayed at home to take care of Michael and his three siblings, and his father was a blacksmith who was often too ill to work steadily, which meant that the children frequently went without food. Despite this, Faraday grew up a curious child, questioning everything and always feeling an urgent need to know more. He learned to read at Sunday school for the Christian sect the family belonged to called the Sandemanians, which greatly influenced the way he approached and interpreted nature. At the age of 13, he became an errand boy for a bookbinding shop in London, where he would read every book that he bound and decided that one day he would write his own. At this bookbinding shop, Faraday became interested in the concept of energy, specifically force, through an article he read in the third edition of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Because of his early reading and experiments with the idea of force, he was able to make important discoveries in electricity later in life and eventually became a chemist and physicist. However, it wasnt until Faraday attended chemical lectures by Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London that he was able to finally pursue his studies in chemistry and science. After attending the lectures, Faraday bound the notes he had taken and sent them to Davy to apply for an apprenticeship under him, and a few months later, he began as Davys lab assistant. Apprenticeships and Early Studies in Electricity Davy was one of the leading chemists of the day when Faraday joined him in 1812, having discovered sodium and potassium and studying the decomposition of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid that yielded the discovery of chlorine. Following the atomic theory of Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich, Davy and Faraday began to interpret the molecular structure of such chemicals, which would greatly influence Faradays ideas about electricity. When Faradays second apprenticeship under Davy ended in late 1820, Faraday knew  about as much chemistry as anyone else at the time, and he used this newfound knowledge to continue experiments in the fields of electricity and chemistry. In 1821, he married Sarah Barnard and took up permanent residence at the Royal Institution, where he would conduct research on electricity and magnetism. Faraday built two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation, a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire. Unlike his contemporaries at the time, Faraday interpreted electricity as more of a vibration than the flow of water through pipes and began to experiment based off of this concept. One of his first experiments after discovering electromagnetic rotation was attempting to pass a ray of polarized light through an electrochemically decomposing solution to detect the intermolecular strains the current would produce. However, throughout the 1820s, repeated experiments yielded no results. It would be another 10 years before Faraday made a huge breakthrough in chemistry. Discovering Electromagnetic Induction In the next decade, Faraday  began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. These experiments would form the basis of the modern electromagnetic technology thats still used today. In 1831, using his induction ring- the first electronic transformer- Faraday made one of his greatest discoveries: electromagnetic induction, the induction or generation of electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in another wire. In the second series of experiments in September 1831 he discovered magneto-electric induction: the production of a steady electric current. To do this, Faraday attached two wires through a sliding contact to a copper disc. By rotating the disc between the poles of a horseshoe magnet, he obtained a continuous direct current, creating the first generator. From his experiments came devices that led to the modern electric motor, generator, and transformer. Continued Experiments, Death, and Legacy Faraday continued his  electrical  experiments throughout much of his later life. In 1832, he proved that the electricity induced from a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity were all the same. He also did significant work in electrochemistry, stating the First and Second Laws of Electrolysis, which laid the foundation for that field and another modern industry. Faraday passed away in his home in Hampton Court on August 25, 1867, at the age of 75. He was buried  at Highgate Cemetery in North London.  A memorial plaque was set up in his honor at Westminster Abbey Church, near Isaac Newtons burial spot.   Faradays influence extended to a great many leading scientists. Albert Einstein was known to have had a portrait of Faraday on his wall in his study, where it hung  alongside pictures of legendary physicists Sir Isaac Newton  and  James Clerk Maxwell. Among those who praised his achievements were Earnest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics. Of Faraday he once stated, When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time.

Team building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team building - Essay Example need is to develop skills of team building within the organizations through training and development comprised of several activities and case studies that will exemplify significance of team building in various situations. Team building helps to develop leadership within the organizations and derives synergic effects into the organizations as well. It saves time as well as efforts because of effective behavioral change that occurs due to team building. The proposed cost of the program includes administrative cost and training and education material cost. Administrative cost covers all expenses that include venue preparation, financial reporting, secretarial work and cost of trainers. Other cost includes training tools, kits and relevant handouts. The primary objective of team building program is to enhance productivity of non-profit organizations through developing certain skills of coordination to work with other members of the organization. The goal is to render the non-profit organizations more effective in delivering their philanthropic services. The culture of working in teams has to be nurtured in such organizations to let them work better. Certain case studies will be highlighted that will portray importance of working in teams and that will also signify team building values and critical situations that can be handled effectively with the help of team

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example Management Information System package is discussed at length putting into consideration the impacts that it brings with it. It was found to provide information that organization need in order to effectively manage their businesses. This package was found to be the best in managing a company’s data and information. An Integrated Accounting System was also discussed in detail comparing its significance to the company and the impacts that accompany it. Various challenges were found to face the company in absentia of the package which can be solved with the application of that software. This system was found to be able to manage different accounts which are essential to the operation of the company. The package worked with use of modules which include the following: the financial Management Module, Accounts Receivable Module, Account payable module, fixed assets module, the inventory control model, sales order module, and purchase order module. The report further recognizes the im portance of Michael Porter’s generic strategy to be used by the ABC Ltd in order to make appropriate strategic decisions and the rationale that accompany the same. The strategy relied on two major aspects in its operations which were competitive advantage and competitive scope. Various functions of customer care were also discussed in the report. Contents Abstract 2 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Purpose 4 1.2 Scope 4 1.3 Method 5 1.4 Limitation 5 1.5 Assumptions 5 1.6 Background 6 2.0 SWOT Analysis 6 Strengths 6 Weaknesses 7 Opportunities 8 2.1 Alternative solutions 8 2.2 Management Information System (MIS) 9 2.3 Integrated Accounting System 10 2.4 Cost of Installing an MIS in the company 12 2.5 Discussion 13 3.0 Conclusion 15 4.0 Recommendations 17 Project management Gantt chart 19 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this report was to analyze and determine the suitable management system and an integrated accounting system to be used by the ABC Ltd. The report considered bo th the internal and external environment surrounding the company and identified the challenges posing a threat o the company and opportunities available to the company. Customer service was rather discovered to be the best solution in identifying and satisfying the customer needs. This is because the service was found to be more effective and efficient way of handling the customer needs in any business. 1.2 Scope While determining ways to link Management Information System to an Integrated Accounting System, there are various factors that are put into considerations. Identify ways to increase sales of the firm’s products, regular staff training, management strategies to be used by the company, improve the product line of the organization and to crown it all, conduct customer service to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of their service. The reports looks at was in firm’s strategic decision are reached and how effectively and efficiently an organization should b e managed. ABC Ltd had problem of facing their system which had not been up-dated since the date of its installation. The report puts across rationale of using an up-dated system and the returns that comes with it. Considering the findings obtained in the study and the discussion thereby, a conclusion and recommendation of appropriate measures was done. It was concluded that IT usage in the business was necessary in the organization’

Psychological Testing and Assessment and the DSM Essay

Psychological Testing and Assessment and the DSM - Essay Example All the data and information from case history data is crucial in helping test administrators to gain good understanding of the test taker’s pattern of behavior. With case history data, therapists are able to develop and draw a relevant context on which to make reliable interpretation of current data about a client’s condition. As described by Cohen, Sturman and Swerdlik (2013), clinical psychology concerns with diagnosis, prevention and treatment of extremely abnormal behaviors. Clinical psychologists consider clinical interviews as part of instruments for collecting information about clients with reference to their behaviors that cause suspicion. Clinical interview then is an instrument or tool of assessment usually used by clinical psychologists to understand the actual condition of a test taker to determine their appropriateness to take tests. Cohen, Sturman and Swerdlik (2013) point that clinical interviews have helped clinicians to understand the possibility of a test taker harming self before, during and after a test and subjection to treatment. In most cases, clinical interviews have proved to be effective ways that clinicians and clients negotiate terms to establish competent contract to guide through treatment. This is to mean that clinicians use clinical interviews in consultation with clients t o establish goals, mutual obligations and expectations during and at the end of a therapy. Good clinical interviewers seek to set a positive ground and atmosphere for interview (Ployhart & MacKenzie, 2011). In most cases, seasoned interviewers begin interviews by open-ended questions and later as they gain trust and confidence of test takers, drive into closed questions. There are different forms of interviews that clinicians can administer to test takers. The type of an interview for a given psychological measurement depends on various factors such as appearance, current psychological

Effects of Art Censorship on Society

Effects of Art Censorship on Society The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship Contents (Jump to) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 – Rationale Chapter 3 – Methodology Chapter 4 – Literature Review Chapter 5 – Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 1 Introduction In understanding the realm of artists, the implications of art, artists, and the dilemmas faced by art libraries, and museums in selecting and acquiring pieces for their collections, one needs to have an appreciation of the realm in which art exists. Leo Tolstoy stated that â€Å"to define art, it is necessary .. to cease to consider it as one of the conditions of human life† (California State University Long Beach, 2005). Egan (1979, p. 166) advises that Tolstoy’s views on art were based on â€Å"the contention that good art consists of an individual consciously passing his feelings on to others, or provoking in them a spiritual union with the artist and other readers†. There are critics of this view in that they believe it dangerous as it â€Å"opens the flood gates to art for ethics and politics thereby reducing art to a disguised socialism† (Egan, 1979, p. 166). Regardless of one’s views and or the critics one sides with, art represents a phenom enon that affects us all. This dissertation proposal shall take a look into the intriguing world of art, in terms of its quality, censorship, and thus selection by art libraries as a function of the quest to uncover, and provide students as well as the general public with materials that provoke a depth, and range of thinking. The removal, and or withholding of data and information from the public as a result of some type of control body or group represents censorship (Encyclopedia Britannica online, 2007). Harer and Harris (1994, p. 2) advise that censorship represents a phenomena that is â€Å"conflict between powerful opposing forces in society that can threaten its very foundation and ideals†. Their definition goes on to add â€Å"society disagrees as to what defines the limitations of creativity and expression and who should decide what has passed beyond the limits† (Harer and Harris, 1994, p. 2). The foundation for this examination lies in their advising â€Å"It is this power struggle tha t has the potential for reordering our democratic and constitutional principles, especially if a monopoly of power is secured by one of these forces or the struggle is won in the political arena by those who wish to restrict† (Harer and Harris, 1994, p. 2). The dissertation proposal being recommended is based upon this underlying principle, and the broader considerations and facets as represented by the selection and exhibition of art in libraries, and related institutions as a result of their artistic quality and other aspects, as an exercise to delve beneath the surface and extract deeper meanings and understandings. Art, within the context of its selection and presentation represents contemporary as well as past works of art. The process â€Å"enables us to think about the ideas of a range of writers and theorists, and in turn how their work has interacted with the visual† (Arnold, 2004, p. 76). Art has an importance within cultures in that it exposes us to the views, ideas, thoughts and visualization of a broad range of thinking, ideas and concepts that are different and in many instances foreign to our own. It opens us up to the possibilities and potentials to question our own views, ideas and concepts as well as strengthen them through exposure. Art, as is also the case with the human race, entails evolution and growth. What was once looked upon as lacking artistic qualities by whatever standards that were invoked, depending upon the period of history own looks at, change, as societies, and people evolve, and thus so do the broadening of their views and ideas. Art has evolved from its earliest forms â€Å"as a vehicle for religious ritual† as represented by the paintings on caves located in France to the Sistine Chapel, â€Å"art has served religion† (Cornell University, 2005). It has also served â€Å"as a commemoration of an important event, such as represented by the â€Å"coronation of Josephine by Napoleon (Cornell University, 2005). Additionally, art has also â€Å"served as propaganda or social commentary† to attempt to â€Å"persuade us toward particular viewpoints or actions promoted by public or private institutions† as represented by â€Å"political parties, lobbyists, governments, or religious groups† (Cornell University, 2005). Art may be used to record visual data, create works of beauty, as a means to storytelling, to convey emotion and to interpret (Cornell University, 2005). The uses and purposes of art are to reach us in some manner on some level, and communicate. As this represents be ing, and or having exposure to views, ideas, concepts, images and points of view that differ from ours, thus censorship for mature adults, and in an educational setting seemingly represents a closing of possible avenues of exploration, and thoughts on the path to awareness. Chapter 2 – Rational The last sentence thus represents the rationale for this dissertation proposal. ‘The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship’. It is impossible for a title to encompass all of the linked salient facets that comprise the preceding, however, it is felt that such a direction does provide for the study to examine the problems and considerations that mangers have in the selection of materials for art libraries as well as the implications arising from same in terms of the potential dilemmas resulting from facets such as artistic quality, view, and of course censorship. The preceding represents a look at as well as under the surface of the world of art to glean a picture of how art is screened and presented to us, and how these judgmental factors work. The broad view encompassing art libraries, galleries, museums and specialized art libraries is felt that it will show the d ifferent manner in which this is approached on many levels. The foregoing means, mainstream, fringe, popular, conservative, historical, classical and other forms. Through a broad based look, the examination should uncover the nuances of the art world, and the degree to which censorship, either overt, or in the eyes and minds of the beholders exists. Chapter 3 – Methodology The examination of the field of art from the perspective of the indicated rational will entail the utilization of a broad range of sources and methodologies. Secondary research provides the opportunity to review a large range of information as gathered by differing sources to equate elements, and views that might not have occurred to the researcher in their initial analysis, and or approach (Patzer, 1995, p. 2). While secondary research does permit one to potentially explore a broader range of data, information, views and examples, its limitations are that not everything that exists can be looked at, in addition to some facets of the research being dated, and even outmoded by new developments and approaches that have yet to be converted to literature sources. Secondary research does enable an individual to obtain a grasp of the issues, circumstances, and issues, along with inculcating one as to the broad as well as nuance factors (Myers, 2005). Primary research is beneficial in gaining first hand information on trends, developments, new occurrences, and related facets that have not yet made their way into publishing circles or common use. It also permits the gleaning of information directly from sources, provided the methodology, survey, questionnaire, and or interview session has been well prepared and is balanced in its approach. However, the problem with primary research is represented by the limitation in terms of the field of respondents. If a broad based survey, and or questionnaire methodology is utilized, sufficient time needs to be devoted to the gathering of source lists, survey, and or questionnaire preparation, mailing, response, and correlation. In terms of preparation, it is probably best to enlist the aid and assistance of a few members within the field to help with the preparation of questions, and or areas as well as the proper syntax, and order of presentation in order to impact confidence in the responden ts that the survey is indeed valid in terms of its base and concepts. In the case of this type of examination, it is recommended that both approaches be utilized in order to gain an accuracte understaning of the surface aspects that can be readliy, and or easily seen or gathered as a result of secondary sources. Primary sources thus represent a look below the surface, asking for facets that might not have been covered in the secondary data as well as potential new areas as made available as a result of said secondary research. Chapter 4 – Literature Review Kidd (2003) provides a summary of Robert Mapplethorpe in referring to him, along with Andres Serrano as the pair of artists â€Å"†¦who catapulted the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) into the crisis that is widely referred to as the culture wars of the arts. As a result, Mapplethorpe is now generally associated with a particular kind of obscene art†. Kidd (2003) sees this label as being unfair as the circumstances surrounding the National Endowment for the Arts were a result of other organizations that made the decision to show the artist’s work (Kidd, 2003). Secondly, Kidd (2003) explains that â€Å"Mapplethorpe’s relationship with obscenity was a development of the culture wars and not a fundamental dynamic of his work†, and that the artist’s history indicates â€Å"an uneasiness about including his sexually explicit, homoerotic, and sadomasochistic photographs amongst artistic collections of his work†. The foregoing outcome was precipitated by letters, and a campaign initiated by the American Family Association (AFA) that focused on the United States Congress concerning Serrano’s photograph titled â€Å"Piss Christ† which depicted a plastic crucifix submerged in the artist’s urine, thus setting off a debate over his work and suitability for a grant by the National Endowment for the Arts (Inde, 1998, p. 100). The escalation of the debate included Mapplethorpe’s exhibit on the same venue, which was canceled as well, in a decision rendered by the Corcoran Gallery Board of Trustees who felt that exhibiting his works might jeopardize future NEA funding (Inde, 1998, p. 100). In Mapplethorpe’s defense, regardless of one’s personal views and opinions concerning his art, a follow up exhibit after the Corcoran Gallery cancellation that was held by the Washington Project of the Arts saw some fifty thousand individuals view his work with only twelve co mplaints being registered (Inde, 1998, p. 101). And prior to the Corcoran Gallery exhibit, Mapplethorpe’s works were shown in both Philadelphia as well as Chicago in the United States â€Å"without major incident or comment†. The underlying current with respect to art, as we are reminded by Nichols Fox, is that (Inde, 21998, p. 102): â€Å"Art can be strong stuff. In any totalitarian regime it is one of the first things suppressed. In our condition of moral superiority as a democratic society we have prodded the Soviet Union for years to loosen its hold on its writers and painters. Now it is doing so at precisely the same moment that our own tolerance for dissent appears to be weakening.† Art, in varying forms and degrees is all around us all the time. It is present in the shape of the vehicle we drive, the coffee maker in the morning, the graphics in video games, and in every object that we use. These common and everyday versions of art encompass our world. Art, in the sense of the context of this examination, is subjective. It is open to the interpretation of its audience and critics (Esaak, 2006). Art, is what we think it is, or, what a number of people think it is (Witcombe, 2005). There is no one singular definition that satisfies all the contexts, and in order to get a grasp on it, it is generally thought that it is better to see it in terms of â€Å"the way something is done† (Witcombe, 2005). In the context of this examination, the definition of art has its roots â€Å"in the 15th and 16th centuries in Italy† whereby art comes to represent â€Å"a collective term encompassing painting, sculpture and architecture†, which was later expanded so as to include music as well as poetry (Witcombe, 2005). It is from this basis that the decorative arts as well as crafts such as metalworking, furniture making and other utility forms are excluded, and an artist differentiated from a craftsman (Witcombe, 2005). And while a small cadre of one’s friends, and or associates may revere an individual as an artist, the process in terms of the art world, meaning the recognized channels of sales that include galleries, private collections, curators, museums, libraries and other modes whereby values are established, means being or becoming recognized (Crawford, 2005). Exhibitions such as Mapplethorpe has participated in, put his art in front of a broad cadre of the public as well as art professionals thus establishing him in this circle, titled the art world. And as the acceptance, and or reputation spreads, so does the clamor for the artist’s pieces. And such represents the process via which galleries, museums and art libraries enter the process. University art libraries are an integral part of the art recognition process, bringing new artists into the pre-professional and professional mainstream through providing visibility, and a form of recognition (Johnson, 2006). The process of ar t selection at universities, galleries and museums takes into account the broad context of the history of the institution, its historical foundations, reputation as being progressive, or conservative, the links to supporters, and its rationale for operating (Johnson, 2006). The theme and direction of university art library collections is a product of the focus, and image the universities seek to project as well as the types of artists, and works that they look to attract (Johnson, 2006). This process entails the overall library’s purpose, which is represented by the university, its faculty, collection history, and fit into the broader scheme of academia. The aspect regarding artistic recognition represents an extremely important area for an artist. The example as drawn by van Gogh, and other artists whereby the withholding from the world, the merits of their views would lessen us all (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Critics in the world of art are there to evaluate works, and to â€Å"separate the wheat from the chaff† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Their position is to wade through the offering of artists, and render opinions on their work as qualified professionals to supposedly shield us from works, and or artists whose level of development is not yet refined, or noteworthy. This represents a highly subjective process that the managers of art libraries, museums, and other artistic areas review and consider in their decisions to acquire, and or showcase works of art. The process is far from perfect, yet at the same time it is far from being flawed. It, as an open system that allows for the inputs, views and opinions of a div erse range of individuals to comment upon and showcase what they believe is art. Critics do not always represent the best source or views on what might constitute art, and thus the broad array of art libraries, galleries, museums and literature provides the opportunity for open debate or selection. Such was clearly demonstrated by the Mapplethorpe situation whereby the authorities had to reverse their field. The depth of the preceding represents an area for further examination and research. Johnson (2006) advises that university libraries promote themselves as well in the broader sphere of other universities, galleries, and museums of all sizes and renown. The universe is a competitive one in which past selections, progressiveness, qualities and track record of selections, connections, exhibition power, personnel, space, facilities, web site, and a host of other facets enter into the overall considerations. And while artists need these outlets, university art libraries need new, present, upcoming, and established artists to enhance their standings and reputations (Johnson, 2006). Just as artists must promote themselves, universities must also follow this course through providing, and showcasing the unknown, unexpected and as a location whereby the newest, best, and unusual can be found. An example of the preceding is represented by Birmingham University’s Chrysalis Project, whereby it is digitizing all of the works ever held by the university as well as all of th e 26 programmes that are â€Å"published annually by the† university’s â€Å"Society of Arts School of Design between 1978 and 1902†. The goal is to broaden the appeal of the University’s art library on the Internet as part of its self-promotion program. Within this scope are the managers who must select as well as go after the new, unique established, up and coming, unknown, known, and hot artists. An example of the foregoing is provided by the art system in Russia. There is and has been a large cadre of art libraries in Russia that have been, and are in the rise (Kolganova, 1999). More than repositories of books and printed materials, these libraries hold engravings, photographs and art works. The IFLA (2005) newsletter advised that â€Å"Russian art libraries† are engaged in a diverse series of â€Å"programmes, projects, exhibitions, conferences and workshops† aimed at sharing as well as securing artistic works. The preceding represents a system of coordination in Russia that seeks to display art works in addition to literary materials. The university art acquisition system is far from being national in scope, it is international, and needs to be in order to be relevant (IFLA, 2005). Olga Sinitsyna, the Chair of the Art Libraries Section of the IFLA, brought such a development to light when she announced that one of her goals was to get the Russian art libraries more involved in IFLA activities and participation (IFLA, 2005). The IFLA (2005) is comprised of over 1700 associations, institutions, and individuals on a global basis that includes most UK universities as well as Birmingham University. The preceding scope of the manner in which university art libraries must reach, and operate provides a look into the highly sophisticated nature of the systems involved. And while no such formal organized inter cooperation methodology exists in the United Kingdom, as per the Russian example, the informal, yet organized system of competing interests in the acquisition and display of art, nevertheless is a reality. University art library compete with themselves, and private art libraries as well as galleries and museums, with the prize being their reputations, and selection processes. This creates unique, and difficult problems and challenges for art managers. They must be progressive, provocative, on the leading edge, contemporary, modern, classical, and innovative in not only varying their pieces, they must have the network and contacts to be fed pieces in a highly competitive arena, yet make selections that have there base in ethics as well as contemporary moral, and other values. Thus, managerial problems involved in selecting works represents a key aspect of the research in that it requires the utilization of questions to obtain views, methods, pr ocedures and techniques. The insights concerning the following areas, were not located as a result of secondary sources, thus calling for the use of primary research to uncover the techniques, approaches, methods, considerations and other aspects utilized by managers in carrying out their functions. From a review of literature such as Johnson (2006), Kolganova (1999) and the IFLA (2005), it was postulated that managers have the following problems, and considerations in the selection of works and artists: Overall Art Library Developmental Considerations As advised by Johnson (2006), and Kolganova (1999), as well as shown in excerpts of the IFLA (2005) newsletter, art libraries do not exist in a vacuum. They must interface with the outside world in terms of competing for new art talent, as well as other types of selections across a broad spectrum of art types. Art Types In planning for the future, the manager needs to be aware of the various types of art that other libraries have, and are presenting also focusing upon what direction they might take in the future to avoid being caught in a battle for talent and selections in a finite universe. Recent Trends The manager also encounters the problem of being on top of the recent trends, not only in terms of what other art libraries and museums are doing, but also in terms of artist development, contemporary trends, new explorations, and what the public itself is finding intriguing. The key to success is being ahead of the field in terms of recognizing, and equating what new developments are on the verge of exploding into new trends. This potentially represents the most important singular facet of their work in being progressive, forward looking, and daring. Birmingham University has developed such a reputation over a long period of time thus helping to ease the managers task of finding new talent as a goodly part of the art world in this regard comes to the university as a result of its positioning, and progressiveness. Understanding as well as responding to such developments represents an extremely important facet in being in front of new trends as a leader, as opposed to following. Such takes on a national as well as international flavor in having the resources, contacts, and pulse beat on a global scale. University and Public Perceptions In the quest to be progressive and leading edge, the manager also must be cognizant of the potential effect that a particular type of display, acquisition and or exhibition could have upon the university, alumni, and public opinion. Birmingham University’s selection of Mapplethorpe is such an example. Controversial prior to his works appearing at the university in 1998, the institution was involved in a major controversy as a result. A book on Robert Mapplethorpe, and American photographer, a homosexual who died of aids in 1988, was taken out on loan from the university library by a Spanish woman for utilization as a piece of research on a thesis representing â€Å"art versus Pornography† (Weaver, 1998). The controversy developed over two photographs in the book, titled â€Å"Helmut and Brooks, NYC, 1978, and Hank and Tom, Sausalito, 1977†, who were engaged in what were described by the police as â€Å"unusual sexual acts of an extreme nature† (Weaver, 1998). In a decision that took over eleven months to reach, the university was cleared of violations of the Obscene Publications Act, based upon the view that â€Å"the effect of the book would not be to tend to deprave, and corrupt a significant number of those who are likely to read it† (Weaver, 1998). The preceding example illustrates the need to be progressive as well as forward thinking in creating an environment of academic as well as artistic freedom that is justified against the broader, and wider precepts of the outside world. Budgetary Constraints Managers are also faced with the prospects of working within budgets that may be less than adequate in terms of competing with other universities, art libraries, museums, and specialty libraries. Ethics and Morality The Mapplethorpe example represents one whereby the ethics, and morality of the university can be brought into question as a result of artistic selections. Walking that fine line represents a daunting task, and problem to be addressed by managers in that being too conservative could leave them on the outside looking in at more progressive moves, and thinking as represented by other institutions. The foregoing represent a few of the key areas regarding the problems faced by art managers in the running and administration of their function(s). Such therefore calls for additional research of a primary nature to discuss, and uncover the areas and aspects of problems, and concerns faced by managers in the administration of their duties. Said information was not seemingly located in a search of secondary research sources. Art does have a purpose. As a result â€Å"judgments about art need not be subjective, artists really are up to something, although its a complicated sort of something)† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). The over riding fact regarding art that Mapplethorpe as well as other artists provide and open us up to is that â€Å"there is no disputing tastes† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Art is by nature subjective, and along with that â€Å"moral judgments are all subjective, and that the truth is purely subjective† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). The preceding is the lesson provided by the Mapplethorpe example, and others concerning ethics, morals, and censorship. Understanding the realms of thinking that exist in the world represents a means to be less susceptible to them as a result of overall balance. Art exposes us to provoke as well as delight. Chapter 5 – Conclusion The world of art is a highly subjective field, in which the purpose, benefit, usefulness and or beauty is a representation of the beholder. Leo Tolstoy (California State University Long Beach, 2005) advises us that â€Å"to define art, it is necessary .. to cease to consider it as one of the conditions of human life†. Egan (1979, p. 166) states Tolstoy’s views were based upon â€Å"the contention that good art consists of an individual consciously passing his feelings on to others or provoking in them a spiritual union with the artist and other readers†. Mapplethorpe’s case in terms of Birmingham University brings forth the specter of censorship that Harer and Harris (1994, p. 2) advise that censorship represents a phenomena that is â€Å"conflict between powerful opposing forces in society that can threaten its very foundation and ideals†. It harkens to what Nichols Fox states in that â€Å"Art can be strong stuff. In any totalitarian regime it is one of the first things suppressed† (Inde, 21998, p. 102). Art is what we think it is, and or what the artist is attempting to get us to think it is. It is subjective, and thus differing views hold differing passions. The point is, art is art! It is a collective term encompassing painting, sculpture and architecture†, which was later expanded so as to include music as well as poetry (Witcombe, 2005). Defying any singular attempt to completely encompass it, yet being a realm that can be understood. The dissertation proposal to develop into ‘The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship’, represents a means to equate facets of the world of art on many levels, yet tied to the realm itself. Bibliography Arnold, D. (2004) Art History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT., United States California State University Long Beach (2005) . What is Art?: by Leo Tolstoy. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361r14.html Cornell University (2005) The Evolution of Visual Art in the Modern Era. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/introart.htm Crawford, A. (2005) Artists, know these people. 15 March 2005. Retrieved on 19 May 2005 from http://www.theage.com.au/news/Arts/Know-these-people/2005/03/14/1110649116983.html Egan, D. (1979) Leo Tolstoy, An annotated Bibliography of English Language Sources to 1978. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey, United States Encyclopedia Britannica online (2007) censorship. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108315/censorship Esaak, S. (2006) What is Art? Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/what_is_art.htm Harer, J., Harris, S. (1994) Censorship of Expression in the 1980s: A Statistical Survey. Oxford University Press. London, United Kingdom IFLA (2005) IFLA Art Libraries Section Newsletter. Vol. 57. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/news/art-newsletter57.pdf Inde, V. (1998) Art in the Courtroom. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. United States Johnson, K. (2006) The Art Library as Exhibition Space. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://etd.ils.unc.edu/dspace/bitstream/1901/357/1/kirstonjohnson.pdf Kidd, D. (2003) Mapplethorpe and the New Obscenity. Vol. 30. Afterimage Kolganova, A. (1999) Museum Libraries as Part of the System of Libraries in Russia. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.ifla.org/VII/d2/inspel/99-4koad.pdf Myers, E. (2005) Benefits and Limitations of Using Secondary Research Sources. Retrieved on 21 May 2007 from http://www.swlearning.com/marketing/gitm/gitm16-5.html ProgressiveLiving.org. (2007) Reflections Concerning the Purpose of Art and the Possibility of Objective Aesthetic Standards. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.progressiveliving.org/Art_Theories_files/purpose_of_art.htm Weaver, M. (1998) University in clear over Mapplethorpe photographs. 1 October 1998. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/10/01/nmap01.html Witcombe, C. (2005) What Is Art? †¦ What is an Artist? Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.arthistory.sbc.edu/artartists/artartists.html

Comparing Society Today with Ayn Rands, Anthem Essay -- Government

Imagine a world where people are only expected to live up to 45 years old. In today's society, there are countries that experience this. In the novel Anthem, by Ayn Rand; there are many factors like lifestyle, government, medicine, and education that lead to this. There are a couple of ways where the world in the novel is similar and different to today's society. A reason why life expectancy is so short in the novel is because of the "Great Rebirth", the "Great Rebirth" led to a new world that doesn't have machinery or electronics. Because of this there was a lack of medicine. Life expectancy is so short in this society because there isn't any advanced medicine. They think that by cutting them open and letting them bleed the infections would go away. In fact, this would cause someone to bleed to death. This relates to us because in the beginning we didn't know much about medicine or technology, which lead to many deaths. Now, our society has greatly improved because medicine has been greatly developed and diseases that were once thought to be incurable now have a cure. Also, educa...

Gender differences in the effects of divorce Essay

Besides behaviour differences among children of divorced and intact families, there are also gender differences to consider. Hyatt suggests that boys and girls react differently to parental divorce. Boys tend to create more behavioural problems in school than girls do. Boys’ self-esteem tends to decline as a result of divorce and they seek constant attention from the teacher and disturb class with irrelevant talks. Their effort in school work also decline. Hyatt mentions that boys are more prone to difficulty of losing contact to their father hence regular communication with the father can help these adjustment problems. Girls’ behaviour in school after parental divorce is not as noticeable as boys because they do not manifest their difficulties by acting out in class. Rather, they tend to become more anxious or unhappy or showing over controlled good behaviour. Another findings concerning gender difference in the effects of divorce is that girls do accept help from their teachers unlike boys. This is because girls see their school as a place where they can be supported during divorce while boys conduct socially unacceptable behaviour. School Behaviour of Children of Divorced Families Human beings grow by constantly adapting to new environment therefore adapting to an environment is part of life cycle. Children’s educational place can be divided into home, school and the society. The child and environment continuously interact and the school takes over large part of a child’s life. Therefore as well as having a settled family life, school period is also important in determining how children might turn out in the future. School is a place where children enjoy, and gain sense of satisfaction by experiencing various activities and maintain harmonized relationships with the teachers and other students. Similarly, school adjustment is defines as taking interest in school environment and feel comfortable being in school with other children. This adjustment reflects on their school achievement and development. For instance, children who enjoy being in school and participate in school activities are likely to gain more educational experiences than those who have adjustment disorder. Liebman defines school adjustment disorder as excessive reaction where individuals are unable to harmonize with the school environment and other students which will prohibit individual development. Children of divorced families are likely to have more difficulties in school adjustment than those of children from intact families. Berbe suggests that children with adjustment disorder tend to attract teacher’s attention by inappropriate questions in class, distract other children and find it hard to pay attention in class. They also refuse teacher’s request and are often disobedient. And if they continue to show irresponsible academic behaviour, it leads to serious adjustment disorder. Heck’s idea is also similar to Berbe’s suggestion that children with adjustment disorder problems are frequently absent and tend to be oppositional in class. However, it is difficult to judge the cause of maladjustment solely on divorce. How children respond to above stress can vary from a child to child. It can differ according to their age, gender or disposition and the environment includes economic stature of parents, social approval rating of parents and family conflict. Variables are categorized as they may affect children’s school adjustment into demographic differences and family variables. Demographic differences include race, gender, and parental socioeconomic status and family variables include relationships, organisation, control, social support, mother rejection and father rejection. Behaviour of children of divorced in school As mentioned earlier, children from divorced families appear to have difficulty in academic achievement and relationship with other children at school than children from intact families. The cause of this should not be looked at solely on the primary factor which is divorce. Secondary factors are to be considered as well, such as the change in socioeconomic structure and resources after divorce. For example, as mentioned earlier, economic loss, poor parental adjustment, lack of parental competence and parental loss can cause behavioural problems. As mentioned in the section of ‘Comparison between children of divorce and intact families’, women’s standard of living is reduced by 29 % after divorce and absence of father can have negative influence on children more on boys than girls. Regarding studies on children’s maladjustment behaviour, Liner categorizes disorder behaviour as: ? action-out behaviour like hitting someone and being aggressive ? withdrawing behaviour: very quiet, sucking fingers, restricted behaviour ? defensive behaviour: lying, ignoring ? disorganised behaviour: escaping from reality Similarly, Wickman describes behaviour of children with adjustment disorder as: ? immoral, dishonest, in resistance to authority, stealer, cheater, disobedient, rude and rebellious ? often violates regulation of class, careless, loses interest in study, negligent and trustless ? exaggerated and offensive personality ? unsociable, overly sensitive, and liar Based on experience, as a teacher of young children, those from divorced families have lower academic achievement, are socially isolated, overly sensitive, either humiliate themselves or boast and show negative behaviour in class. Specifically, their academic grade is poorer than it used to be and they do not try to socialize with others in class. Further, they often seem absent-minded and tend to change their mood easily. If they are scolded for not doing their homework or asked to answer something they do not know, they use violent language in response. They also suffer from headache and easily get tired. This behaviour of children can also be explained by Rotter’s theory of locus of control. Locus of control refers to how individuals attribute the cause of their behaviour to internal or external forces. In applying to children of divorced families, children who have internal locus of control believe that if their parents are divorced, it is their fate. Therefore these children are able to handle any difficulties and feel less psychological distress. In contrast, children who have external locus of control believe that if they do not perform well in school, they tend to blame external factors such as parental divorce rather than blame themselves. Hence, these children are likely to suffer from severe distress than those who have internal locus of control. When elementary school children experience parents’ divorce, they can become aggressive and develop sense fear and sorrow. Some children also imagine reunion of their parents. And they also explain that children’s school behaviour depend on how they are treated at home. As per experience, the relationship between custodial parent and the child seem to have a large impact. Prior research says that the relationship between the behaviour of custodial parents and children’s school adjustment illustrate that the attitude of custodial parents has large influence on children’s school achievement. Mothers’ affection can influence enormously on developing children’s social skills. From mother-child relationship, children learn responsibility, self-control and social skills, hence, hostile attitude towards children can act as hindrance in developing social skills. Therefore one can learn that the attitude of custodial parent becomes important factor which influence children’s school adjustment.

buy custom Crimes against Persons essay

buy custom Crimes against Persons essay Wright (2009) defines homicide as the killing of a person by another, whether unintentionally or premeditatedly. This can also include reckless, justifiable, or negligent homicide. Each of these types differs one from another, but they share common elements that describe them in the legal system. The basic elements of homicide include intent, causation, and act (Reid, 2009). Intent refers to a purpose or a reason for committing a homicide. It exists when an individual deliberates and thinks over the criminal offense before committing it. Therefore, there must be a deliberation of the reason for committing homicide. Causation refers to the element of homicide that denotes the events that result in the victim's death (Reid, 2009). It is necessary to prove that the accused persons actions were directly responsible for the homicide. The Criminal Justice System must determine causation before charging the defendant with homicide. Act refers to the physical action of killing another person (Reid, 2009). It is necessary to prove what the defendant physically did to cause the homicide. Ken willfully transmitted HIV to Barbie, which is a criminal act. He should undergo conviction of a homicide offence because Barbie died of HIV-related infections. Ken will still undergo conviction of lethally infecting his partners even when Barbie does not die. Lori committed voluntary euthanasia by killing her ailing father, Vincent. Reid (2009) defines voluntary euthanasia as the practice of intentionally killing an individual in order to relieve suffering and pain. Vincent asked her daughter to end his life because of constant pain he was experiencing due to terminal cancer. Lori did not have another option but to shoot her father and end his life. In most countries any form of euthanasia, including voluntary euthanasia, is illegal. Therefore, most people consider euthanasia to be a criminal offense (Reid, 2009). Intent, causation, and act can explain euthanasia as a criminal offense. The intent of committing euthanasia was to meet Vincents need of relieving the suffering and pain that he was experiencing. The causation in this scenario of Lori killing her father includes Vincents requests to relieve suffering and pain. Shooting is the physical action that resulted in Vincents death his daughter executed upon request to end his life. The re is a likelihood of Lori to undergo the conviction of first-degree murder as the most serious crime she committed. First-degree murder refers to deliberated and premeditated killing of a person. Because the incident took place in the hospital, the police assumed that the murder could not be second degree or third degree murder. It is possible to convict Lori of euthanasia as less serious criminal offense. She can convince the police that her father requested to die in order to do away with suffering and pain. Larry apparently committed kidnap and rape by forcibly having sex with his girlfriend and locking her for 24 hours. Kidnapping refers to the act of holding a person unlawfully and un-consensually for a certain purpose, such as committing sexual intercourse. Rape refers to the act of forcing a person to have sexual intercourse with him or her, especially by a use of violence or threat against him or her. Elements of raping include intent, causation, and act. The intent of Larry to have sex with his girlfriend was to satisfy his sexual desire. Causation in this scenario is Lorrys threads not to let his girlfriend go. The physical action includes committing forced sexual intercourse. Therefore, the girlfriend allowed Larry to have sex with her unwillingly. Elements of raping include act and intent. Act in the scenario of kidnapping is locking his girlfriend in his neighbors vacant room for 24 hours when she tried to leave. The intent was to keep the girlfriend from leaving. Buy custom Crimes against Persons essay

Myth in Oh Brother, Where Art essays

Myth in Oh Brother, Where Art essays I think a perfect example of myth used in movies is the story of Odysseus in O Brother, Where Art Thou? If you are familiar with the story of The Odyssey, you can easily spot some instances of the mythical story and its connection to the current world in this movie. There is an instance where the three escaped convicts stumble along three sirens singing in the river. They are astonished with the beauty of these women and want to stay with them. This happens every day when someone stays with someone else because of their looks of because of money, etc. I can relate to this personally because I watched my sister stay with a guy because he always said he would change, and I stayed in a job for the money because the idea of having money sounded so sweet, just like the song of the sirens. We both never stopped to think if we were ever really happy with our whole situation, or just parts of it. Another example is when the men encounter a large man with an eye patch. This man represents the Cyclops. The huge man is a fast talker and immediately moves on to destroy the men to take what he wants from them. I think this compares to overpowering salesmen out there today who try to lowball other salesmen so they can get the sale. Even if the commission is low, there is still a commission, so they win. I think one of the greatest myths is that we are not accountable for our own actions. We always seem to find someone else to blame for what has gone wrong in our lives. Some of characters in this film go out and try to right the wrong decisions they have made. I wish we could all live with the ideology that we all can make our own decisions, even if it is not the best decision, but at least we got to make it ourselves. ...

Why do we need so many different theories in accounting Essay - 1

Why do we need so many different theories in accounting - Essay Example It is therefore essential that this information is recorded and reported in such a way that it holds value for all its users. In this paper framework for accounting profession including different accounting theories would be discussed. Furthermore, an illustration of different accounting treatment based on different accounting approaches is also made in this paper. The accounting profession is based on values and conceptual framework that has been developed over the years. This conceptual framework incorporates different well established theories and principles which determine the methodology for recognising, measuring and recording of the company’s assets and liabilities. The framework also allows logical reasoning for addressing different accounting and financial issues and provides guidelines for incorporating the information related to these issues in the financial records. This ensures that a uniform approach could be applied to different classifications of assets and liabilities and the information that has been produced and verified can be depended upon for decision making. An accounting theory defined as â€Å"a coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual and pragmatic principles forming a general frame of reference for enquiring into the nature of accounting†(Hendriksen & Breda, 1992) therefore could be suggested to provide the necessary concepts, framework, principles, procedures, rules and regulations. Another way of looking at accounting theories is that they allow predicting accountants’ behaviour and provide basis for coherent accounting treatment of assets and liabilities. There are numerous accounting theories suggesting that there is no single comprehensive of accounting. They could be categorized into three broad areas that are 1) those providing explanation of accounting practices 2) those providing forecasts or predictions of impacts of future

Military's last barrier to Equality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Military's last barrier to Equality - Essay Example McSally therefore, justifiably argues that ban on women in combat should be repealed. The author, Martha McSally is a retired Air Force colonel who had led several combat positions and repeatedly proved that women are equal if not better than men in the area hitherto dominated by men. Indeed, many women who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan have even won silver medal for bravery in the field. They have proved their usefulness in various positions vis-a-vis at checkpoints for searching women and children for weapons, acting as agents under counterinsurgency strategy, going as frontline soldiers to kill enemies etc. But unfortunately, their meritorious actions have yet to be recognized as such in their own country of birth. They are still relegated to areas that are least equipped to exploit their huge potential as a military person in their home country. McSally is absolutely correct when she says that ‘current policy is a legal fiction, which not only degrades combat efficien cy, effectiveness and flexibility but confuses military commanders’. ... Women have not been the isolated cases where gender differences were used to subvert the rights of citizens. In the contemporary environment of sexual freedom, sexual equality has wider implications. The categorization of sexual preferences has resulted in people exhibiting homosexuality, gay or lesbian behavior. Thus, rights of such people have also come under lot of controversy. But recently, allowing homosexuals within the military services, President Obama has succinctly indicated that time for change has become a necessity. He has particularly emphasized that homosexuals’ contribution in military could significantly increase national security. Justice, fairness and equality must be enjoyed by all. But McSally is not impressed because the same has yet to be filtered down to encompass women who are still deprived of coveted positions in many areas of military services. Diversity within the workforce, especially related to sexuality of persons must be included at all levels of services. Equal opportunity has become a ground reality that must cut across gender. The patriarchal society has been the major factor that has consistently denied women their rightful place in the society. Their empowerment therefore, has become a major issue that must be addressed. While the constitution has been amended to facilitate their inclusion and gives them equal opportunities, the court of law has surprisingly been quiet in the matter of American military services where women are openly differentiated. The court’s intervention in the case of homosexuals is a positive step that should greatly influence the decisions of higher hierarchy of military services to ensure that army